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Latter Day Church of Christ

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For the church formally established by Joseph Smith in 1830, see Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints).
Latter Day Church of Christ
ClassificationRestorationist
OrientationLatter Day Saint movement
TheologyMormon fundamentalism
PolityHierarchical
Trustee in Trust
(Leader)		Paul Elden Kingston
AssociationsDavis County Cooperative Society Inc.
HeadquartersWest Valley City, Utah, U.S.
FounderOrtell Kingston (Elden Kingston was founder of the Davis County Cooperative Society)
OriginJanuary 1, 1935
Bountiful, Utah, U.S.
Members3,500

The Latter Day Church of Christ (LDCC) or Davis County Cooperative Society (DCCS) is a Mormon fundamentalist denomination within the Latter Day Saint movement.[1] The DCCS was established in 1935[2] by Elden Kingston, son of Charles W. Kingston, and in 1977 members of the DCCS organized the Latter Day Church of Christ. Media outlets often refer to the organization as the Kingston Group, and internally it is known as "the Order" or "the Co-op".

There are approximately 3,500 members, some of whom are known to practice polygamy.[3] The current leader is Paul Elden Kingston.

Establishment

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Historians and other scholars who have studied the group have identified several doctrinal and socio-economic factors leading to its establishment. These factors originated in the family of Elden Kingston, his father Charles Kingston, and other family members or closely-affiliated people, many of whom were originally members of the LDS Church. Doctrinally, they fell out with the Church on two issues: the consecration of wealth, and plural marriage.[4][5]

According to his autobiography, Charles W. Kingston became disenchanted with the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in 1926 because it abandoned plural marriage. Kingston began preaching polygamy amongst fellow members of the LDS Church and distributing pamphlets and the book he had co-written, Laman Manasseh Victorious: A Message of Salvation and Redemption to His People Israel, First to Ephraim and Manasseh. This resulted in his excommunication from the LDS Church in 1928.

Charles W. Kingston eventually converted his son Elden to his beliefs and on January 1, 1935, Elden along with his two wives, Ethel Gustafson and Afton Brown took steps to officially begin the cooperative in Bountiful, Utah.[6] From 1935 to 1940, Elden Kingston's followers, including his father Charles W. Kingston, began to move to Bountiful, Utah, intending to live under a United Order communal program as defined by Joseph Smith in the Doctrine and Covenants.[7]

On September 19, 1941, the community founded by Elden Kingston officially filed for recognition with the State of Utah as the Davis County Cooperative Society Inc. The corporation produces goods and services that are used by members, and sold or traded to other cooperatives and to the public.[8] In 1977, Elden's brother Ortell Kingston began to file for legal recognition of the church later organized as The Latter Day Church of Christ.[9][verification needed]

The Latter Day Church of Christ is based in Salt Lake City, Utah, with a presence in Bountiful, Utah.[10]

Business activities

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The organization owns an extensive portfolio of business and land assets throughout the western United States, including a 300-acre (1.2 km2) dairy farm in Davis County; a 3,200-acre (13 km2) farm in Tetonia, Idaho; a coal mine in Emery County; 1,200 acres (4.9 km2) in Terreton, Idaho; discount and grocery stores; Desert Tech Firearms; and a restaurant supply company.[3][11] A 2004 estimate put the value of these assets at more than $200 million,[12] while ethnographer Janet Bennion estimated a value of $150 million in 2011.[3]

The organization is tight-lipped about their business activities. Some of their secrecy might be attributed to a fear of arrest for living in plural marriages, as had happened in 1959–1960 when being investigated by the Davis County Grand Jury, which some members claimed was organized by LDS Apostles Mark E. Peterson and Spencer W. Kimball.[13][14] The Grand Jury was described as "The polygamist hunting Davis County Grand Jury" by the Ogden Standard-Examiner in 1959.[15] That same year, Ardous Kingston Gustafson, a mother of four and founding Co-op member, was jailed on Christmas Eve when she could not produce membership lists used to further the court's investigation into charges of cohabitation.[15][16][17]

The Cooperative had its birth during the Great Depression when many families struggled immensely to provide for their families.[18] For many years, members of the Cooperative lived in poor conditions, and had no legal way to apply for assistance.[19]

Long-time leader John Ortell Kingston lived in a small one-story clapboard house in Salt Lake City up until the time of his death in 1987.[20] J. Ortell Kingston aggressively pursued a financially-expansive agenda for the Davis County Cooperative Society Inc.[21] in the hopes of improving the financial condition of his followers.[20]

Since the mid-1990s, many members have become college-educated and live in middle-to-upper-middle-class homes throughout their communities.[22][23] Currently the group claims that although different skillsets bring different financial outcomes, there is no homelessness within the DCCS, and internal programs exist for those experiencing financial poverty.[1]

Beliefs

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The Latter Day Church of Christ is based on a belief in Jesus Christ and the restoration of his gospel in these latter days.[1] It is not affiliated with the mainstream LDS Church. Doctrinally, members of the LDCJC try to adhere to the teachings of the Bible, the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants, and the Pearl of Great Price.[24] Members of the Latter Day Church of Christ are also members of the Davis County Cooperative Society (a separate organization and legal entity) which practices the law of consecration and United Order.[7] Some members had begun the practice of plural marriage years before the establishment of the cooperative.[25][26]

During the first years of the Davis County Cooperative Society, Elden Kingston and his followers wore unique blue denim outer garments that led to people referring to them as "blue-coats." Men and boys wore blue coverall-type suits tied with strings; women and girls wore plain blue denim dresses. As a symbol of their renunciation of worldly goods, the outer clothing contained no pockets in which possessions could be carried, although later an inside pocket was provided for the sanitary measure of carrying a handkerchief. All went bareheaded and barefoot.[27] This practice was abandoned sometime before 1940. Members today wear normal modern clothing, although they are encouraged to be modest and keep a high standard of dress.[citation needed]

According to a 2011 document prepared by attorneys general Mark Shurtleff and Tom Horne, members of the DCCS describe it as emphasizing family values, education, self-sufficiency, and the belief that every child is a priceless blessing. Children are allowed to attend public school and many go on to college. Former members leaving the group in the 1980s and 1990s allege that some were paid in "units" instead of money and that many of their life decisions were made for them. Some members also claim there is an "inner circle" who are entitled to more wives and better jobs.[28]

In 2016, some members of the LDCC helped start Vanguard Academy charter school in West Valley, which continues to operate today.[29] Many high school aged children from the LDCC are believed to attend the school.[30]

Controversies

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Consanguineous marriages

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Plural marriage is practiced by some members of the LDCJC and "members are free to choose their marriage partner or partners, as marriage is considered an individual's or family's personal choice," according to author Craig Foster in his book American Polygamy (2019).[31] After two decades of raids from law enforcement from 1935 to 1957, it is believed some members of the church began to practice consanguineous marriage between relatives. This practice has been attributed to "endogamous preference and the small size of the group’s population" according to active members and recent research from the University of Santa Clara California (2019).[23][32] The group claims no preference for any particular family or surname stating members join every year "from a variety of different backgrounds and surnames."[1]

In the late 1990s, three members of the LDCJC faced scrutiny for entering into incestuous relationships.[33][34][35]

These cases included:

  • Jason Kingston had a relationship with his half-sister Andrea Johnson, who became pregnant in 1992. She suffered from preeclampsia before being brought in for medical treatment. A C-section was performed to save the baby, but Andrea died. Salt Lake County officials opened an investigation into the possibility that obstetrical care was withheld to conceal the relationship.[33]
  • Jeremy Kingston was sentenced to a year in prison in 2004 for entering a relationship with LuAnn Kingston, his cousin and aunt, as his fourth wife in 1994; their relationship began when he was 24 and she was 15.[35]
  • David Kingston married his 16-year-old niece Mary Ann Nelson, who attempted to run away but was apprehended and beaten by her father, John Daniel Kingston.[34] He was arrested and pleaded "no contest" to the charge of child abuse and served seven months in jail. David Kingston was convicted of incest and unlawful sexual conduct and sentenced to a 10-year prison term, of which he served four years. Mary Ann later filed a $110-million lawsuit against other members of the Cooperative, alleging intentional sexual abuse of a child and intentional infliction of emotional distress, but the lawsuit was eventually dropped without any settlement.[36]

These relationships are defined as incestuous according to Utah's Criminal Code 76-7-102 (2021).[37]

Underaged marriage

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Members of the LDCC have faced two lawsuits, one in 2006[38] and one in 2022[30] accusing members of sexual abuses and underaged marriages.[30] The 2022 complaint was filed by attorney and TV producer[39] Roger Hoole.[30] In 2009, the then-Attorney General of Utah, Mark Shurtleff, claimed that child marriages within polygamous societies in Utah, such as the Latter Day Church of Christ, had "effectively stopped".[40][41] The latest suit takes issue with alleged marriages as young as 16 within the Latter Day Church of Christ.[30] Current Utah law allows individuals 16 and 17 years of age to marry with court approval.[42] In February 2023, the 2022 lawsuit was voluntarily dismissed in State Court with attorneys for the plaintiffs promising to re-file a similar case in Federal Court.[43] Attorney Roger Hoole re-filed a similar case in federal court as a racketeering lawsuit in March of 2024.[44]

The LDCC continues to publicly denounce the practice of child marriage,[30][40] and maintains that marriages within the group are not coerced.[30] In 2007, the group told Deseret News that it was encouraging its members to wait until their partners were 18 to marry them,[40][45] with one member reporting that "we do encourage them to be 18".[45] Responding to child marriage allegations in September 2022, the organization told The Guardian that "current policy prohibits plural marriage for members under 18" and "once an individual has made a decision on who to marry, members are encouraged to seek the blessing of their parents, family and/or church leaders, but to say that one individual chooses or heavily influences who will marry who is entirely inaccurate".[30]

Financial fraud

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In 2016, the State of Utah with federal law enforcement raided various properties in connection with the Kingston family or Davis County Cooperative Society with the intention of finding welfare fraud. The State of Utah stated: "It was a specific investigation that we were approached by [federal law enforcement] to participate in." After two years of investigating, they did not find any welfare fraud. "State investigators found no wrongdoing among members of the Davis County Cooperative Society, also known as the Kingston Group."[46] Members claim they have been broadly and unfairly targeted by authorities for the negative actions of a small few.[47] Members allege to have been targeted for audit at a rate over nine times the published IRS average for the general population, with no pattern of fraud being found outside of a couple of bad-actors.[48]

In July 2019, Jacob Kingston, Isaiah Kingston, and two others pled guilty to participating in a fraud scheme masterminded by Lev Dermen, a non-member and Armenian national.[49] The scheme included filing for $512 million in federal renewable-fuel tax credits from 2010 to 2016 through a company named Washakie Renewable Energy LLC. One of the guilty pleas states they "cycled" fraud proceeds through a number of international partners and then back to Washakie's bank accounts, falsely claiming them as loans or profits. A small portion of the funds (less than 6%) were also used to purchase legitimate goods and services from businesses who provided them in "good faith". Legitimate businesses, including those in the Cooperative, argued that Jacob hid the scheme from business partners as well as Co-op leadership.[50][51] The remainder of the transactions (over 94%) were to entities associated with Lev Dermen, who prosecutors allege was the mastermind of the scheme. Dermen was found guilty of masterminding the scheme in March 2020.[52] As part of the plea deal and restitution, the company forfeits rights to a number of assets including their bio-fuel plant in Plymouth, Utah. WRE has since become defunct.[53][54]

Davis County Cooperative leadership and members swiftly condemned the fraudulent behavior stating that "[Jacob] broke from tradition in many ways" and stressing "to members and non-members alike that this behavior is not in line with our beliefs or principles." And, "We cannot and will not condone or support anyone found to be engaged in any fraudulent behaviors."[48][55][56] In a recent lawsuit, ex-members allege that the WRE case was an example of the concept of "bleeding the beast." However, the group reiterated its belief that "bleeding the beast" was "abhorent" and was "never a tenet" of its organization.[30]

In April 2023, Jacob, Isaiah and two other members were sentenced to federal prison with their sentences ranging between 6 and 18 years.[57][58] Lev Dermen was sentenced to 40 years.[57][58]

Leaders

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d "DCCS - FAQ". DCCS. Retrieved 2021-01-17.
  2. ^ Foster & Watson 2019, p. 125.
  3. ^ a b c Bennion 2012, p. 39.
  4. ^ Foster & Watson 2019, p. 123.
  5. ^ Cook 2011, p. 12.
  6. ^ "The Establishment of Davis County Cooperative Society".
  7. ^ a b Autobiography of Charles W. Kingston, pp. 141–142
  8. ^ Articles of Incorporation of the Davis County Cooperative Society, 7 February 1941. As found in: Shields, Steven L. (June 1, 1990). Divergent Paths of the Restoration. Independence, MO: Herald Pub House. pp. 134–35. ISBN 0-942284-13-5.
  9. ^ Utah business entity number 561222-0140.
  10. ^ "I left Mormonism". January 29, 2009. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22 – via YouTube.
  11. ^ "Fallout from Washakie fraud could cost polygamous Kingston Group members their businesses and homes". The Salt Lake Tribune. 29 July 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
  12. ^ Moore-Emmett, Andrea (2004). God's Brothel. San Francisco, Calif.: Pince-Nez Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-930074-13-2.
  13. ^ "Salt Lake Tribune". Davis County Clipper. July 7, 1959. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
  14. ^ Autobiography of Charles W. Kingston, pp. 60–64
  15. ^ a b "Jury to Peak at Records Tuesday; Lets Woman Go Home for Christmas". The Ogden Standard-Examiner. December 25, 1959.
  16. ^ "Judge Issues 30-Day Term To Davis Jury Witness". The Salt Lake Tribune. December 24, 1959.
  17. ^ Foster & Watson 2019, p. 322.
  18. ^ Foster & Watson 2019, p. 81.
  19. ^ Breton, Ana (August 11, 2007). "Polygamist's home found in squalor". The Salt Lake Tribune.
  20. ^ a b Burton, Greg (August 16, 1998). "Kingstons Cling to Vision of LDS Lifestyle". The Salt Lake Tribune.
  21. ^ Hales, Brian C. "John Ortell Kingston (Elden's Brother) Leads 1948-87". MormonFundamentalism.com. Archived from the original on 2013-10-18. Retrieved 2013-09-16.
  22. ^ Foster & Watson 2019, p. 198.
  23. ^ a b Mueller, Michelle (2019). "Escaping the Perils of Sensationalist Television Reduction". Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative Religions. 22: 70.
  24. ^ Foster & Watson 2019, p. 197, 198.
  25. ^ "Clan leader pleads guilty to incest". Chicago Tribune. November 7, 2003. Retrieved 2013-09-16.
  26. ^ Ginos, Becky (July 31, 2008). "Patterns of Polygamy Davis County's Kingston clan - County's polygamy roots run deep". Davis County Clipper. Retrieved 2013-09-16.
  27. ^ Wright, Lyle O. (1963). Origins and Development of the Church of the Firstborn of the Fullness of Times (Thesis). Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University. OCLC 13952557.
  28. ^ Utah Attorney General's Office and Arizona Attorney General's Office. The Primer, Helping Victims of Domestic Violence and Child Abuse in Polygamous Communities Archived 2013-01-27 at the Wayback Machine. Updated June 2006. Page 23.
  29. ^ Jones, Chris (2023-04-19). "Vanguard Academy given additional time to address deficiencies". KUTV. Retrieved 2023-04-28.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h i Ryan, Mackenzie (19 September 2022). "Utah polygamist sect accused of indoctrination, rape and child marriage". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 19 September 2022.
  31. ^ Foster, Craig (2019). American Polygamy. The History Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-1-4671-3752-2.
  32. ^ Adams, Brooke (October 24, 2006). "Incest could be behind probe of Kingston family". The Salt Lake Tribune.
  33. ^ a b Nii, Jenifer K. (August 25, 1998). "Probe into death in clan reopens". Deseret News. Retrieved 2013-09-16.
  34. ^ a b Nichols, Judy (October 15, 2003). "Wives suing to bring end to abuse under polygamy". The Arizona Republic. p. A1. As found in: Harris, Sam (January 22, 2007). "God's Hostages". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2013-09-13.
  35. ^ a b Thomson, Linda (October 31, 2003). "Kingston pleads guilty to incest charge". Deseret News. Archived from the original on 2022-02-07. Retrieved 2013-09-16.
  36. ^ Rivera, Ray (July 23, 1998). "16-Year-Old Girl Testifies Of Beating". The Salt Lake Tribune. p. B1. Archive Article ID: 100F3A528F528F0F.
  37. ^ "2021 Utah Code :: Title 76 - Utah Criminal Code :: Chapter 7 - Offenses Against the Family :: Part 1 - Marital Violations :: Section 102 - Incest -- Definitions -- Penalty". Justia Law. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
  38. ^ Dobner, Jennifer (2006-06-01). "New allegations of abuse in the polygamous Kingston family". Daily Herald. Retrieved 2022-09-20.
  39. ^ "Roger Hoole". IMDb.
  40. ^ a b c Winslow, Ben (2008-06-19). "Polygamists are urged to make public statement". Deseret News. Archived from the original on 2022-06-02. Retrieved 2022-09-19.
  41. ^ Winslow, Ben (2009-07-14). "Shurtleff: Child bride polygamous marriages appear to have stopped". KSL. Retrieved 2022-09-19.
  42. ^ "Marriage".
  43. ^ Utah Court Exchange; Case #220905426 Miscellaneous, Pg. 20; Retrieved April 24, 2023
  44. ^ Miller, Jordan (March 2, 2024). "Kingston polygamist sect trafficked children, violated federal labor laws, Utah lawsuit alleges". The Salt Lake Tribune.
  45. ^ a b Winslow, Ben (2007-09-09). "No longer performing child-bride marriages?". Deseret News. Archived from the original on 2022-09-12. Retrieved 2022-09-19.
  46. ^ Carlisle, Nate (February 7, 2018). "Utah investigated the polygamous Kingston Group for welfare fraud 2 years ago. It didn't find any". The Salt Lake Tribune.
  47. ^ "C250 - Senate Judiciary, Law Enforcement, and Criminal Justice Committee". Utah Legislature. Retrieved 2021-01-17.
  48. ^ a b "DCCS Self-Sustaining Policy, Contributions to the Community". DCCS. Retrieved 2021-01-17.
  49. ^ "Former LA Armenian mafia leader sentenced to 40 years in billion-dollar biofuel tax scheme". ABC 7 Chicago. 9 April 2023.
  50. ^ "The Polygamist Accused of Scamming the U.S. Out of $500 Million". Bloomberg.com. 2019-06-24. Retrieved 2021-01-29.
  51. ^ "Former WRE CEO testifies about money paid to DCCS Entities". DCCS. Retrieved 2021-01-29.
  52. ^ "Jury Finds Los Angeles Businessman Guilty in $1 Billion Biodiesel Tax Fraud Scheme". US Department of Justice. 2020-03-16. Retrieved 2021-01-29.
  53. ^ Voreacos, David (July 22, 2019). "Polygamists Admit $512 Million Fraud for U.S. Fuel-Tax Credits". Bloomberg. Retrieved July 22, 2019.
  54. ^ "CEO and CFO of Utah Biodiesel Company and California Businessman Charged in $500 Million Fuel Tax Credit Scheme". US Department of Justice. August 24, 2018. Retrieved July 22, 2019.
  55. ^ "WRE Defendants arrested and awaiting trial". DCCS. Retrieved 2021-01-17.
  56. ^ "Trial postponed for last defendant in fraud case involving members of the Kingston polygamous family". KSTU. 2019-07-22. Retrieved 2021-01-17.
  57. ^ a b Winterton, Scott (2023-04-07). "Utah polygamist clan members sentenced to federal prison for billion-dollar tax fraud scheme". KSL. Retrieved 2023-04-24.
  58. ^ a b "Los Angeles Businessman, Utah Fuel Plant Operators and Employees Sentenced to Prison for Billion-Dollar Biofuel Tax Fraud Scheme". US Department of Justice. 2023-04-07. Retrieved 2023-04-24.

Works cited

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  • Bennion, Janet (2012). Polygamy in Primetime: Media, Gender, and Politics in Mormon Fundamentalism. Brandeis University Press. ISBN 978-1-61168-296-0.
  • Cook, Amy Osmond (2011). Why They Believe: A Case Study in Contemporary Polygamy. San Clemente, CA: Sourced Media Books. ISBN 978-1-937458-32-4.
  • Foster, Craig L.; Watson, Marianne T. (2019). American Polygamy: A History of Fundamentalist Mormon Faith. Charleston, SC: The History Press. ISBN 978-1-43966-703-3.
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