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Demographics of Australia

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Demographics of Australia
Population pyramid of Australia in 2022
Population27,231,525 (as of May 2024)
Growth rate1.60% (2023 est.)
Birth rate12.3 births/1,000 population
Death rate6.77 deaths/1,000 population
Life expectancy83.09 years
 • male80.93 years
 • female85.36 years
Fertility rate1.63 children
Infant mortality rate3.01 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate6.93 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Sex ratio
Total0.99 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
At birth1.05 male(s)/female
Nationality
NationalityAustralian
Major ethnic
Minor ethnic
Language
OfficialNone at Federal level or State level
SpokenEnglish (72.00%)
Mandarin (2.70%)
Arabic (1.44%)
Vietnamese (1.26%)
Cantonese (1.16%)
Punjabi (0.94%)
Greek (0.90%)
Italian (0.90%)
Others (12.97%)

The population of Australia is estimated to be 27,487,600 as of 1 November 2024.[10] It is the 54th[11] most populous country in the world and the most populous Oceanian country. Its population is concentrated mainly in urban areas, particularly on the Eastern, South Eastern and Southern seaboards, and is expected to exceed 30 million by 2029.[12]

Australia's population has grown from an estimated population of between 300,000 and 2,400,000 Indigenous Australians at the time of British colonisation in 1788 due to numerous waves of immigration during the period since. Also due to immigration, the European component's share of the population rose sharply in the late 18th and 19th centuries, but is now declining as a percentage.[13]

Australia has an average population density of 3.6 persons per square kilometre of total land area, which makes it one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world. This is generally attributed to the semi-arid and desert geography of much of the interior of the country. Another factor is urbanisation, with 89% of its population living in a handful of urban areas, Australia is one of the world's most urbanised countries.[14] The life expectancy of Australia in 2015–2017 was 83.2 years, among the highest in the world.[15]

Cities

[edit]
Main articles: List of cities in Australia by population and List of cities in Australia

Australia contains five cities (including their suburbs) that consist of over one million people. Most of Australia's population live close to coastlines.[16]

 
Largest populated areas in Australia
Rank Name State Pop. Rank Name State Pop.
1 Sydney NSW 5,259,764 11 Geelong Vic 289,400
2 Melbourne Vic 4,976,157 12 Hobart Tas 251,047
3 Brisbane Qld 2,568,927 13 Townsville Qld 181,665
4 Perth WA 2,192,229 14 Cairns Qld 155,638
5 Adelaide SA 1,402,393 15 Darwin NT 148,801
6 Gold Coast–Tweed Heads Qld/NSW 706,673 16 Toowoomba Qld 143,994
7 Newcastle–Maitland NSW 509,894 17 Ballarat Vic 111,702
8 Canberra–Queanbeyan ACT/NSW 482,250 18 Bendigo Vic 102,899
9 Sunshine Coast Qld 355,631 19 Albury-Wodonga NSW/Vic 97,676
10 Wollongong NSW 305,880 20 Launceston Tas 93,332

Ancestry

[edit]
Main article: Australians

The earliest accepted timeline for the first arrivals of humans to the continent of Australia places this human migration to at least 65,000 years ago,[18] most probably from the islands of Indonesia and New Guinea.[19]

Captain James Cook claimed the east coast for Great Britain in 1770; the west coast was later settled by Britain also. At that time, the indigenous population was estimated to have been between 315,000 and 750,000,[20] divided into as many as 500 tribes speaking many different languages.

Between 1788 and the Second World War, the vast majority of settlers and immigrants came from the British Isles (principally England, Ireland and Scotland), although there was significant immigration from China and Germany during the 19th century. In the decades immediately following the Second World War, Australia received a large wave of immigration from across Europe, with many more immigrants arriving from Southern and Eastern Europe than in previous decades. Since the end of the White Australia policy in 1973, Australia has pursued an official policy of multiculturalism,[21] and there has been a large and continuing wave of immigration from across the world, with Asia being the largest source of immigrants in the 21st century.[22]

The Australian Bureau of Statistics no longer collects data on race, but does ask each Australian resident to nominate up to two ancestries each census.[23] These ancestry responses are classified into broad standardised ancestry groups.[24] In the 2021 census, the most commonly nominated individual ancestries as a proportion of the total population were:[25]

At the 2021 census, 3.2% of the Australian population identified as being Indigenous — Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders.[N 9][26] In 2020, 7.5% of births were Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander persons up from 5.7% in 2010; Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander fertility rates have stayed above replacement levels even as the nation's has declined rapidly.[27]

Although the ABS does not collect data on race and ethnic background, various studies have put together results of the census to determine the ethnic composition of Australia, the Australian Human Rights Commission has estimated the European population at 76% of the Australian population,[28] while a media diversity study put it at 72%, the non-European proportion was 21% and 23% respectively, and the Aboriginal Australian population at 3% in both.[29]

Immigration minister Andrew Giles had pledged to incorporate a question on ethnicity into the 2026 Australian census.[30] However in 2024 the ABS decided against collecting data on ethnicity.[31]

Immigration and country of birth

[edit]
Main articles: Immigration to Australia and Foreign-born population of Australia
Australian and foreign born population pyramid in 2021

In 2019, 30% of the Australian resident population, or 7,529,570 people, were born overseas.[32]

Australia's population has quadrupled since the end of World War I,[33] much of this increase from immigration. Australia has the world's eighth-largest immigrant population, with immigrants accounting for 30% of the population, a higher proportion than in any other nation with a population of over 10 million.[32][34] Most immigrants are skilled,[35] but the immigration quota includes categories for family members and refugees.[35]

The following table shows Australia's population by country of birth as estimated by the Australian Bureau of Statistics in 2023. It shows only countries or regions or birth with a population of over 100,000 residing in Australia.

Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics (2023)[36]
Place of birth Estimated resident population[A]
Total Australian-born 18,473,240
Total foreign-born 8,175,640
England England[B] 961,570
India India 845,800
China China[C] 655,760
New Zealand New Zealand 598,090
Philippines Philippines 361,860
Vietnam Vietnam 298,960
South Africa South Africa 214,790
Malaysia Malaysia 180,470
Italy Italy 158,990
Nepal Nepal 179,050
Scotland Scotland 167,180
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 158,290
Pakistan Pakistan 120,440
Hong Kong Hong Kong[C] 119,680
South Korea South Korea 115,360
United States United States 114,260
Thailand Thailand 109,980
Indonesia Indonesia 109,170
Iraq Iraq 106,830
Germany Germany 104,460
  1. ^ Only countries with 100,000 or more are listed here.
  2. ^ The Australian Bureau of Statistics source lists England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland separately although they are all part of the United Kingdom. These should not be combined as they are not combined in the source.
  3. ^ a b In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, Mainland China, Taiwan and the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau are listed separately.

As of 2020, 29.8% of Australia's population was born overseas and 76% as of 2016 had European ancestry. The percentage of Australians with European backgrounds has been declining since the 1960s and 1970s, which is around the time the White Australia policy was abolished.

Australia migration data, 2013-present

[edit]
Date Immigration ('000) Emigration ('000) Net Migration ('000)
Jun-2013 482.09 -251.76 230.33
Sep-2013 484.31 -263.10 221.21
Dec-2013 478.68 -270.31 208.38
Mar-2014 472.63 -270.44 202.19
Jun-2014 464.68 -276.90 187.78
Sep-2014 459.84 -276.11 183.74
Dec-2014 458.76 -276.41 182.35
Mar-2015 460.64 -279.56 181.08
Jun-2015 465.25 -281.22 184.03
Sep-2015 469.39 -285.16 184.23
Dec-2015 473.25 -286.52 186.73
Mar-2016 481.33 -285.35 195.98
Jun-2016 489.28 -283.04 206.23
Sep-2016 507.11 -277.60 229.51
Dec-2016 519.65 -275.82 243.83
Mar-2017 536.66 -277.08 259.59
Jun-2017 540.15 -276.80 263.35
Sep-2017 540.06 -280.64 259.43
Dec-2017 531.37 -289.71 241.66
Mar-2018 527.23 -289.23 238.00
Jun-2018 527.52 -289.30 238.22
Sep-2018 530.94 -288.62 242.32
Dec-2018 534.40 -282.18 252.22
Mar-2019 536.60 -285.93 250.67
Jun-2019 550.40 -309.06 241.34
Sep-2019 566.35 -324.32 242.04
Dec-2019 607.87 -360.25 247.62
Mar-2020 618.36 -379.11 239.25
Jun-2020 506.85 -314.16 192.70
Sep-2020 361.95 -286.34 75.61
Dec-2020 235.35 -240.32 -4.97
Mar-2021 113.00 -207.34 -94.34
Jun-2021 146.00 -230.93 -84.94
Sep-2021 162.49 -218.63 -56.14
Dec-2021 216.11 -209.24 6.87
Mar-2022 336.24 -208.35 127.89
Jun-2022 426.73 -223.14 203.59
Sep-2022 571.41 -229.93 341.48
Dec-2022 646.11 -223.88 422.23
Mar-2023 694.61 -221.53 473.08
Jun-2023 737.17 -219.08 518.09

Religion

[edit]

Religion in Australia as declared in the 2021 census[37]

  Christianity (43.9%)
  No religion (38.9%)
  Islam (3.2%)
  Hinduism (2.7%)
  Buddhism (2.4%)
  Sikhism (0.8%)
  Other religions (0.9%)
  Not stated or unclear (7.2%)

At the 2021 Census, 38.9% of the population identified as having "no religion",[25] up from 15.5% in 2001.[38] The largest religion is Christianity (43.9% of the population).[25] The largest Christian denominations are the Roman Catholic Church (20% of the population) and the Anglican Church of Australia (9.8%). Multicultural immigration since the Second World War has led to the growth of non-Christian religions, the largest of which are Islam (3.2%), Hinduism (2.7%), Buddhism (2.4%), Sikhism (0.8%), and Judaism (0.4%).[25]

The Australian Bureau of Statistics 2001 Census Dictionary statement on religious affiliation states the purpose for gathering such information:

Data on religious affiliation are used for such purposes as planning educational facilities, aged persons' care and other social services provided by religion-based organisations; the location of church buildings; the assigning of chaplains to hospitals, prisons, armed services and universities; the allocation of time on public radio and other media; and sociological research.

Historically, Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology was the prevalent belief system in Australia until around 1840, when European Australians first outnumbered indigenous Australians. For a period, in the 19th and 20th centuries, Australia was majority Protestant with a large Catholic minority.[39][40] Catholics first outnumbered Anglicans in the 1986 census.[41] As a result of this history, while Australia has no official religion and "no religion" constitutes the largest group by religious identification, the various governments of Australia refer to the Christian God in their ceremonies, as do the various Australian Courts.[42] In all censuses since 1991, the percentage of Christians has been steadily decreasing, while the percentage of non-religious has been increasing.[43]

As in many Western countries, the level of active participation in religious services is lower than would be indicated by the proportion of the population identifying themselves as affiliated with a religion; weekly attendance at Christian church services is about 1.5 million, or about 7.5% of the population.[44] Christian charitable organisations, hospitals and schools play a prominent role in welfare and education services. The Catholic education system is the second biggest sector after government schools, with more than 795,000 students (and around 20 per cent of all secondary school enrolments).[45]

Religious affiliation in Australia
Religion 2006 2011 2016 2021
('000) (%) ('000) (%) ('000) (%) ('000) (%)
Christian 12,685 63.9 13,149.3 61.1 12,201.6 52.1 11,148.8 43.9
No religion 3,706.8 18.7 4,804.6 22.3 7,040.7 30.1 9,887.0 38.9
Islam 340.4 1.7 476.3 2.2 604.2 2.6 813.4 3.2
Buddhism 418.8 2.1 529.0 2.5 563.7 2.4 615.8 2.4
Hinduism - - 275.5 1.3 440.3 1.9 684.0 2.7
Sikhism - - 72.3 0.3 125.9 0.5 210.4 0.8
Other 133.8 0.5 193.2 0.9 186.7 0.8 215.0 0.8
Not stated 224.0 11.2 235.8 1.1 237.8 1.0 237.4 1.0
Total population ('000) 21,507.7 - 21,507.7 - 23,401.9 - 25,422.8 -

Language

[edit]
Percentage of people who speak the English language at home in 2016

The vast majority of Australians speak English at home, with the exception of some Aboriginal Australians and first-generation immigrants. Although Australia has no official language, English has always been the de facto national language and the only common tongue.[46] Australian English is a major variety of the language, with a distinctive accent and lexicon,[47] and differs slightly from other varieties of English in grammar and spelling.[48] General Australian serves as the standard variety.

At the 2021 census English was the only language spoken in the homes of 72% of the population. The next most common languages spoken at home are Mandarin Chinese (2.7%), Arabic (1.4%), Vietnamese (1.3%), and Cantonese (1.2%).[26] Considerable proportions of first- and second-generation immigrants are bilingual.

Over 250 Indigenous Australian languages are thought to have existed at the time of first European contact; fewer than 20 are still in daily use by all age groups.[49][50] About 110 others are spoken exclusively by older people.[50] At the time of the 2006 census, 52,000 Indigenous Australians, representing 12% of the Indigenous population, reported that they spoke an Indigenous language at home.[51]

Australia has its own sign language, Auslan. The Australian Bureau of Statistics included Auslan as an option for the first time in the 2021 census when asking which language was used at home.[52][53] According to the census, it is the main language of about 16,000 deaf people.[53]

Indigenous population

[edit]
Indigenous Australians as a percentage of the population as of the 2011 census
Main article: Indigenous Australians

The earliest accepted timeline for the first arrivals of indigenous Australians to the continent of Australia places this human migration to at least 40,000 years ago.[19]

Dutch navigators landed on the coasts of modern Western Australia and Queensland several times during the 17th century. Captain James Cook wrote that he claimed the east coast for Great Britain in 1770 while standing on Possession Island off the west coast of Cape York Peninsula. The west coast was later settled by Britain also. At that time, the indigenous population was estimated to have numbered between as few as 315,000 and as many as 1,100,000,[20][54] divided into many tribes speaking many different languages. In the 2011 census, 495,757 respondents declared they were Aboriginal, 31,407 declared they were Torres Strait Islander, and a further 21,206 declared they were both Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders.[55]

Today, most of Australia's Indigenous population live on the east coast of Australia, where almost 60% of Indigenous Australians live in New South Wales (208,476) and Queensland (188,954) which roughly represents 2–5% of those state's populations. The Northern Territory has an Indigenous population of 61,115, which represents 26.3% of the total Northern Territory population.[56]

States and territories

[edit]
See also: States and territories of Australia
State/territory Population
(June 2023 estimate)[57] 		Land area Population density % of total

national

population

% of
population
living in capital 		Notes
km² mi² per km² per mi²
 New South Wales 8,339,300 800,642 309,130 8.64 22 32% 63% [58]
 Victoria 6,812,500 227,416 87,806 23.54 61 26% 71% [59]
 Queensland 5,459,400 1,730,648 668,207 2.50 6 20% 46% [60]
 Western Australia 2,878,600 2,239,170 864,548 0.89 2 10% 73.4% [61]
 South Australia 1,851,700 983,482 379,725 1.62 4 7% 73.5% [62]
 Tasmania 572,800 68,401 26,410 7.24 19 2% 41% [63]
 Australian Capital Territory 466,800 2,358 910 151.49 392 2% 100% [64]
 Northern Territory 252,500 1,349,129 520,902 0.16 0.4 1% 54% [65]

Historical population

[edit]
European Australians from 1947 to 1966 when racial data was collected in the country

Population estimates in the table below do not include the Aboriginal population before 1961. Estimates of Aboriginal population before European settlement range from 300,000 to one million, with archaeological finds indicating a sustainable maximum population of around 750,000.[66] Where available, actual population figures from census years are included.

Historic population (estimated)
Pre-1788
YearIndigenous population±%
pre 1788300,000 to 1,000,000—    
Source: [67]
Settlement – Federation
YearNon-indigenous population±% p.a.
1788 859—    
1798 4,588+18.24%
1808 10,263+8.38%
1818 25,859+9.68%
1828 58,197+8.45%
1838 151,868+10.07%
1848 332,328+8.15%
1858 1,050,828+12.20%
1868 1,539,552+3.89%
1878 2,092,164+3.11%
1888 2,981,677+3.61%
1898 3,664,715+2.08%
Source: [68]
Post-Federation
YearTotal population±%
1901 3,788,123—    
1906 4,059,083+7.2%
1911 4,489,545+10.6%
1916 4,943,173+10.1%
1921 5,455,136+10.4%
1926 6,056,360+11.0%
1931 6,526,485+7.8%
1936 6,778,372+3.9%
1941 7,109,898+4.9%
1946 7,465,157+5.0%
1951 8,421,775+12.8%
1956 9,425,563+11.9%
1961 10,548,267+11.9%
1966 11,599,498+10.0%
1971 13,067,265+12.7%
1976 14,033,083+7.4%
1981 14,923,260+6.3%
1986 16,018,350+7.3%
1991 17,284,036+7.9%
1996 18,224,767+5.4%
2001 18,769,249+3.0%
2006 19,855,288+5.8%
2011 21,507,717+8.3%
2016 23,401,892+8.8%
2021 25,417,978+8.6%
Note: Estimated populations prior to 1961 do not include the Indigenous population.
Source: [69][70][71][72][73]
Historical population of Australia

Total fertility rate from 1850 to 1899

[edit]

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.[74]

The following figures show the total fertility rates since the first years of British colonisation.

Total fertility rate in Australia[74]
1850s
 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859
4.94 5.01 4.07 5.03 4.86 5.32 5.19 5.63 5.71 5.75
1860s
 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869
5.71 5.67 5.8 5.59 5.75 5.64 5.33 5.41 5.43 5.19
1870s
 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879
5.19 5.09 4.97 5.01 4.93 4.81 4.81 4.69 4.74 4.8
1880s
 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889
4.73 4.73 4.62 4.66 4.77 4.78 4.74 4.77 4.76 4.65
1890s
 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899
4.69 4.62 4.52 4.4 4.13 4.07 3.81 3.78 3.64 3.66

Crude birth rates from 1860 to 1899

[edit]

The crude birth rate is the total number of live births per 1,000 population in a year. Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics.[75]

Crude birth rate in Australia[75]
1860s
 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869
42.6 42.3 43.3 41.7 42.9 42.1 39.8 40.4 40.5 38.7
1870s
 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879
38.7 38.0 37.1 37.4 36.8 35.9 35.9 35.0 35.4 35.8
1880s
 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889
35.3 35.3 34.5 34.8 35.6 35.7 35.4 35.6 35.5 34.7
1890s
 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899
35.0 34.5 33.7 32.8 30.8 30.4 28.4 28.2 27.2 27.3

Historical distribution of the total population by age

[edit]

Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics.[76][77][78][79]

Ages 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2007 2016
0–14 ​years 35.1 31.6 31.8 28.5 24.2 27.2 30.3 28.7 25.0 21.9 20.5 19.4 18.6
15–24 ​years 19.4 20.1 16.9 18.1 17.5 14.1 14.3 17.4 17.4 16.0 13.7 14.0 12.8
25–44 ​years 29.4 28.8 30.0 29.3 30.0 29.4 27.7 27.4 28.4 28.6 30.0 29.2 27.9
45–64 ​years 12.0 14.8 17.0 18.0 20.9 20.4 19.9 20.0 19.2 19.3 23.1 25.0 25.1
65 years ​and over 4.0 4.3 4.5 6.1 7.4 8.1 8.5 8.3 9.8 11.3 12.6 13.2 15.8
Total (%) 100 99.6 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Historical median age of the population

[edit]

Median age of the Australia population through history. Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics.[77][78][80][81]

Years 1901 1911 1921 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2015 2017
Median age of the total population 22.5 24.0 25.8 30.3 29.3 27.7 29.6 32.4 35.7 37.4 38.7
Median age of males 23.6 24.6 26.1 29.9 28.7 27.0 29.0 31.7 34.9 37.9
Median age of females 21.5 23.4 25.5 30.8 30.2 28.3 30.2 33.0 36.4 39.5

Vital statistics since 1900

[edit]

Source:[82]

Average population (June 1, form 2017 Dec 31) Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1,000) Crude death rate (per 1,000) Natural change (per 1,000) Crude migration change (per 1,000) Total fertility rates[A][74] Net overseas migration[83][84][85]
1900 3,715,000 102,221 44,060 58,161 27.3 11.8 15.5 3.66
1901 3,765,000 102,945 46,330 56,615 27.1 12.2 14.9 -1.6 3.64
1902 3,824,000 102,776 48,078 54,698 26.7 12.5 14.2 1.4 3.39
1903 3,875,000 98,443 47,293 51,150 25.3 12.1 13.2 12.0 3.58
1904 3,916,000 104,113 43,572 60,541 26.4 11.0 15.4 -4.9 3.54
1905 3,974,000 104,941 43,514 61,427 26.2 10.9 15.3 -0.6 3.51
1906 4,032,000 107,890 44,333 63,557 26.6 10.9 15.7 -1.2 3.35
1907 4,091,000 110,347 45,305 55,042 26.7 11.0 15.7 1.2 3.35
1908 4,161,000 111,545 46,426 55,119 26.6 11.1 15.5 3.9 3.35
1909 4,232,000 114,071 44,172 59,899 26.7 10.3 16.4 2.9 3.35
1910 4,323,000 116,801 45,590 61,211 26.7 10.4 16.3 7.3 3.35
1911 4,425,000 122,193 47,869 74,324 27.2 10.6 16.6 6.8 3.51
1912 4,573,000 133,088 52,177 80,911 28.6 11.2 17.4 15.8 3.51
1913 4,820,172 135,714 51,789 83,925 28.2 10.7 17.5 36.6 3.51
1914 4,893,000 137,983 51,720 86,263 28.0 10.5 17.5 -2.5 3.51
1915 4,971,000 134,871 52,782 82,089 27.1 10.6 16.5 -0.6 3.51
1916 4,969,000 131,426 54,197 77,219 26.6 11.0 15.6 -15.9 3.07
1917 4,917,000 129,965 48,029 81,936 26.3 9.7 16.6 -27.1 3.35
1918 4,982,000 125,739 50,249 75,490 25.0 10.0 15.0 -1.9 3.07
1919 5,080,000 122,290 65,930 56,360 23.6 12.7 10.9 8.6 3.07
1920 5,303,000 136,406 56,289 80,117 25.5 10.5 15.5 28.8 3.07
1921 5,411,000 136,198 54,076 82,122 24.9 9.9 15.0 5.2 3.12
1922 5,510,000 137,496 51,311 86,185 24.7 9.2 15.5 2.7 3.11
1923 5,637,000 135,222 56,236 78,986 23.7 9.9 13.8 9.0 3.02
1924 5,755,000 134,927 54,980 79,953 23.2 9.4 13.8 7.0 2.97
1925 5,882,000 135,792 54,658 81,134 22.9 9.2 13.7 8.3 2.95
1926 6,000,000 133,162 56,952 76,210 22.0 9.4 12.6 7.4 2.85
1927 6,124,000 133,698 58,282 75,716 21.6 9.4 12.2 8.3 2.80
1928 6,251,000 134,078 59,378 74,700 21.3 9.4 11.9 8.8 2.77
1929 6,355,000 129,480 60,857 68,623 20.2 9.5 10.7 5.8 2.64
1930 6,436,000 128,399 55,331 73,068 19.8 8.6 11.2 1.4 2.58
1931 6,500,000 118,509 56,560 61,949 18.2 8.7 9.5 0.4 2.36
1932 6,552,000 110,933 56,757 54,176 16.9 8.6 8.3 -0.3 2.19
1933 6,603,000 111,269 59,117 52,152 16.8 8.9 7.9 -0.1 2.17
1934 6,656,000 109,475 62,229 47,246 16.4 9.3 7.1 0.9 2.11
1935 6,707,000 111,325 63,599 47,726 16.5 9.4 7.1 0.5 2.12
1936 6,755,000 116,073 63,932 52,141 17.1 9.4 7.7 -0.6 2.18
1937 6,810,000 119,131 64,496 54,635 17.4 9.4 8.0 0.1 2.21
1938 6,871,000 120,415 66,451 53,964 17.4 9.6 7.8 1.1 2.21
1939 6,935,000 122,891 69,147 53,744 17.6 9.9 7.7 1.6 2.22
1940 7,004,000 126,347 68,384 57,963 17.9 9.7 8.2 1.7 2.26
1941 7,077,000 134,525 71,176 63,349 18.9 10.0 8.9 1.5 2.36
1942 7,143,000 136,708 75,191 61,517 19.1 10.5 8.6 0.7 2.38
1943 7,201,000 149,295 74,486 74,809 20.6 10.3 10.3 -2.3 2.57
1944 7,269,000 153,344 69,596 83,748 21.0 9.5 11.5 -2.1 2.63
1945 7,347,000 160,560 70,231 90,229 21.7 9.5 12.2 -1.6 2.74
1946 7,430,000 176,379 74,661 101,718 23.6 10.0 13.6 -2.4 2.99
1947 7,517,000 182,384 73,468 108,916 24.1 9.7 14.4 -2.8 3.08
1948 7,637,000 177,976 76,839 101,137 23.1 10.0 13.1 2.7 2.98
1949 7,792,000 181,261 75,260 106,001 22.9 9.5 13.4 6.7 2.99
1950 8,045,000 190,591 78,187 112,404 23.3 9.6 13.7 18.5 3.01
1951 8,307,000 193,298 81,788 111,510 23.0 9.7 13.3 31.2 3.06
1952 8,527,000 201,650 81,597 120,053 23.4 9.5 13.9 12.4 3.15
1953 8,739,000 202,235 80,188 122,047 22.9 9.1 13.8 10.9 3.23
1954 8,902,000 202,256 81,805 120,451 22.5 9.1 13.4 5.1 3.3
1955 9,089,000 207,677 82,036 125,641 22.6 8.9 13.7 7.2 3.35
1956 9,311,000 212,633 86,088 126,545 22.5 9.1 13.4 10.8 3.39
1957 9,530,000 220,358 84,953 135,405 22.9 8.8 14.1 9.3 3.41
1958 9,744,000 222,504 83,723 138,481 22.6 8.5 14.1 8.2 3.42
1959 9,947,000 226,976 89,212 137,765 22.6 8.9 13.7 7.0 3.41
1960 10,160,000 230,326 88,464 141,862 22.4 8.6 13.8 7.5 3.39
1961 10,391,000 239,986 88,961 151,025 22.8 8.5 14.3 8.2 3.35
1962 10,642,000 237,081 93,163 143,918 22.1 8.7 13.4 10.6 3.3
1963 10,846,000 235,689 94,894 140,795 21.5 8.7 12.8 6.2 3.24
1964 11,055,000 229,149 100,594 128,555 20.5 8.7 11.8 7.6 3.17
1965 11,280,000 222,854 99,715 123,139 19.6 8.8 10.8 9.4 2.97
1966 11,505,000 223,731 103,929 119,802 19.3 9.0 10.3 9.5 2.89
1967 11,704,000 229,796 102,703 127,093 19.4 8.7 10.7 6.4 2.85
1968 11,912,000 240,906 109,547 131,359 20.0 9.1 10.9 6.7 2.89
1969 12,145,000 250,175 106,496 143,681 20.4 8.7 11.7 7.7 2.93
1970 12,407,000 257,516 113,048 144,468 20.5 9.0 10.5 9.9 2.94
1971 12,663,000 276,361 110,650 165,711 21.5 8.6 12.9 7.5 2.98
1972 13,067,000 271,960 110,191 161,769 20.6 8.4 12.2 19.5 2.74
1973 13,303,000 255,848 111,336 144,512 19.1 8.3 10.8 7.2 2.49
1974 13,504,000 243,658 110,179 133,479 17.9 8.1 9.8 5.2 2.32
1975[86] 13,771,400 239,794 114,501 125,293 17.4 8.3 9.1 10.7 2.15
1976 13,915,500 231,135 110,610 120,525 16.6 7.9 8.7 1.8 2.06
1977 14,074,100 226,954 111,490 115,464 16.1 7.9 8.2 3.2 2.01
1978 14,248,600 226,359 108,059 118,300 15.9 7.6 8.3 4.1 1.95
1979 14,521,700 223,370 108,315 115,055 15.5 7.5 8.0 11.2 1.91
1980 14,695,400 223,664 106,654 117,010 15.3 7.3 8.0 4.0 1.89
1981 14,923,300 230,920 109,429 121,491 15.6 7.4 8.2 7.4 1.94
1982 15,178,400 237,076 110,990 116,086 15.7 7.4 8.3 9.4 1.93 128,100
1983 15,393,500 241,764 112,918 128,846 15.8 7.4 8.4 5.8 1.92 73,300
1984 15,579,400 240,544 110,887 129,657 15.5 7.2 8.3 3.8 1.84 49,100
1985 15,788,300 241,814 114,197 127,617 15.4 7.3 8.1 5.3 1.92 73,800
1986 16,018,400 239,115 116,069 123,046 15.0 7.3 7.7 6.9 1.87 100,500
1987 16,263,900 242,977 116,139 126,838 15.0 7.2 7.8 7.5 1.85 125,800
1988 16,532,200 246,200 120,463 125,737 15.0 7.3 7.7 8.9 1.83 149,400
1989 16,814,400 250,155 118,767 131,388 15.1 7.1 8.0 9.3 1.84 157,500
1990 17,065,100 257,521 125,112 132,409 15.3 7.4 7.9 7.2 1.90 124,700
1991 17,284,000 261,158 119,572 141,586 15.2 7.0 8.2 4.6 1.85 86,500
1992 17,494,700 259,200 120,836 138,800 14.9 6.9 8.0 4.3 1.89 68,600
1993 17,667,100 259,959 121,338 138,621 14.8 6.9 7.9 2.9 1.86 30,100
1994 17,854,700 258,314 123,496 134,818 14.5 7.0 7.5 3.1 1.84 46,600
1995 18,071,800 258,210 126,232 131,978 14.4 7.0 7.4 4.9 1.82 80,200
1996 18,310,700 250,438 126,400 124,038 13.8 6.9 6.9 6.4 1.80 104,000
1997 18,517,600 253,660 127,298 126,362 13.7 6.9 6.8 4.5 1.78 87,200
1998 18,711,300 249,105 129,255 119,850 13.4 6.9 6.5 4.1 1.75 79,100
1999 18,925,900 249,965 128,278 121,487 13.3 6.8 6.5 5.0 1.75 96,500
2000 19,153,400 249,310 128,392 120,918 13.1 6.7 6.4 5.7 1.75 107,200
2001 19,413,200 247,500 128,913 118,587 12.8 6.7 6.1 7.5 1.73 135,700
2002 19,654,900 247,400 130,300 117,200 12.9 6.9 6.0 6.5 1.77 110,600
2003 19,902,700 247,400 132,239 115,200 12.5 6.7 5.8 6.8 1.75 116,500
2004 20,139,800 252,100 133,231 115,851 12.4 6.7 5.7 6.2 1.76 100,000
2005 20,409,100 255,800 131,354 124,580 12.6 6.5 6.1 7.3 1.79 123,800
2006 20,697,900 263,500 134,000 129,500 12.8 6.5 6.3 7.9 1.82 146,700
2007 21,015,900 277,700 136,000 141,700 13.2 6.4 6.8 8.6 1.87 232,700
2008 21,384,400 289,500 140,800 148,700 14.4 6.8 7.6 10.6 2.02 277,400
2009 21,778,800 297,100 143,700 153,400 13.9 6.6 7.3 11.4 1.97 299,800
2010 22,031,900 304,200 141,500 162,600 13.4 6.4 7.0 4.2 1.95 172,038
2011 22,340,000 301,200 145,400 155,800 13.5 6.6 6.9 7.0 1.92 205,679
2012 22,733,500 306,000 147,200 158,800 13.6 6.5 7.1 10.6 1.93 241,151
2013 23,128,100 311,100 149,200 161,900 13.3 6.4 6.9 10.4 1.88 235,797
2014 23,475,700 307,000 150,000 157,000 12.8 6.5 6.3 8.3 1.80 179,000
2015 23,816,000 307,700 155,900 151,800 12.8 6.7 6.1 8.1 1.80 181,000
2016[87] 24,385,600 311,800 157,400 154,400 12.9 6.5 6.4 10.2 1.79 243,800
2017 24,770,700[88] 308,500 160,300 148,200 12.7 6.6 6.1 9.7 1.74 241,700
2018 25,180,200[89] 314,900[90] 158,500 156,400 12.7 6.4 6.3 10.2 1.75 248,400
2019 25,522,169 305,800 166,700 139,100 12.1 6.6 5.5 8.1 1.67 210,700
2020 25,694,400 294,400 161,400 133,000 11.5 6.3 5.2 1.5 1.59 3,300
2021 25,766,605(C) 309,996 171,469 138,527 12.1 6.7 5.4 -2.6 1.70 -3,600
2022 26,268,359 300,684 190,745 109,800 11.6 7.3 4.3 15.2 1.63 387,000
2023 26,966,789 286,998 183,131 103,867 10.8 6.9 3.9 21.1 1.50 547,300

Current vital statistics

[edit]

[91]

Period Live births Deaths Natural increase
January - March 2023 71,300 42,800 +28,500
January - March 2024 76,000 45,100 +30,800
Difference Increase +4,700 (+6.59%) Negative increase +2,300 (+5.37%) Increase +2,300

Total fertility rates by state or territory

[edit]
2022[92]
State/Territory TFR
 Northern Territory 1.73
 New South Wales 1.71
 Queensland 1.71
 Australia 1.63
 South Australia 1.62
 Western Australia 1.62
 Victoria 1.51
 Tasmania 1.49
 Australian Capital Territory 1.41

Structure of the population

[edit]
Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 09.VIII.2016) (These data have been randomly rounded to protect confidentiality. Individual figures may not add up to totals, and values for the same data may vary in different tables.):[93]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 11 546 638 11 855 248 23 401 892 100
0–4 752 142 712 638 1 464 779 6.26
5–9 771 055 731 592 1 502 646 6.42
10–14 717 629 679 553 1 397 183 5.97
15–19 727 677 693 915 1 421 595 6.07
20–24 795 423 771 369 1 566 793 6.70
25–29 824 084 840 525 1 664 602 7.11
30–34 839 821 864 026 1 703 847 7.28
35–39 773 132 788 548 1 561 679 6.67
40–44 777 702 805 551 1 583 257 6.77
45–49 773 170 808 282 1 581 455 6.76
50–54 748 954 774 601 1 523 551 6.51
55–59 709 115 745 214 1 454 332 6.21
60–64 632 357 667 048 1 299 397 5.55
65-69 581 230 607 766 1 188 999 5.08
70-74 431 325 456 390 887 716 3.79
75-79 307 441 345 217 652 657 2.79
80-84 204 026 256 529 460 549 1.97
85-89 123 502 185 463 308 960 1.32
90-94 46 828 93 570 140 398 0.60
95-99 9 244 24 672 33 920 0.14
100+ 777 2 788 3 569 0.02
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 2 240 826 2 123 783 4 364 609 18.65
15–64 7 601 439 7 759 070 15 360 509 65.64
65+ 1 704 373 1 972 395 3 676 768 15.71

Life expectancy at birth from 1921 to 2015

[edit]
Life expectancy in Australia since 1885

Sources: Our World In Data and the United Nations.

1921–1949
1920s
 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929
61.0 62.9 61.7 62.5 63.2 62.9 62.8 62.9 63.1
1930s
 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939
64.9 65.3 65.6 65.4 64.8 65.1 65.2 65.8 65.8 65.8
1940s
 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949
66.2 66.1 65.9 66.4 68.0 68.5 68.0 68.6 68.5 69.1

Source: Our World in Data[94]

Life expectancy in Australia since 1960 by gender
1950–2015
Period Life expectancy in
Years 		Period Life expectancy in
Years
1950–1955 69.4 1985–1990 76.2
1955–1960 70.4 1990–1995 77.7
1960–1965 70.9 1995–2000 78.8
1965–1970 70.8 2000–2005 80.3
1970–1975 71.8 2005–2010 81.5
1975–1980 73.6 2010–2015 82.3
1980–1985 75.1

Source: UN World Population Prospects[95]

Other general demographic statistics

[edit]

As of the year to 30 June 2023, the population growth rate was 2.4%.[96] This rate was based on estimates of (June 2023):[10]

  • one birth every 1 minute and 42 seconds,
  • one death every 2 minutes and 52 seconds,
  • one migrant person arriving to live in Australia every 45 seconds,
  • one Australian resident leaving Australia to live overseas every 2 minutes and 43 seconds, leading to
  • an overall total population increase of one person every 50 seconds.

Much of the data that follows has been derived from the CIA World Factbook[85] and the Australian Bureau of Statistics, through censuses.

Population

[edit]
Estimated resident population of Australia since 1981

The following figures are ABS estimates for the resident population of Australia, based on the 2001 and 2006 Censuses and other data.

27,487,600 (as of 1 November 2024)[10]
23,470,145 (July 2018 est.)
23,232,413 (July 2017 est.)
21,262,641 (July 2009 – CIA World Factbook)
Population pyramid of Australia from 1950 to 2020

Age structure

[edit]
Australian babies: 0 year olds as a fraction of total persons, in Australia, according to the 2011 census results.
Australian babies: 0–4 year olds as a fraction of total persons, in Australia, according to the 2011 census results
0–14 years: 17.75% (male 2,138,080 /female 2,027,583)
15–24 years: 12.62% (male 1,520,528 /female 1,442,461)
25–54 years: 41.35% (male 4,944,587 /female 4,760,752)
55–64 years: 11.84% (male 1,379,681 /female 1,398,177)
65 years and over: 16.44% (male 1,786,595 /female 2,071,701) (2018 est.)
0–14 years: 17.8% (male 2,122,139/female 2,012,670)
15–24 years: 12.79% (male 1,524,368/female 1,446,663)
25–54 years: 41.45% (male 4,903,130/female 4,725,976)
55–64 years: 11.83% (male 1,363,331/female 1,384,036)
65 years and over: 16.14% (male 1,736,951/female 2,013,149) (2017 est.)

Median age

[edit]
Map of the median age of Australians by Statistical Local Area in the 2011 census
total: 38.8 years. Country comparison to the world: 58th
male: 38.1 years
female: 39.7 years (2018 est.)
Total: 36.9 years[97]
Male: 36.6 years
Female: 38.1 years (2009 est.)

Birth rate

[edit]
12 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 165th
12.1 births/1,000 population (2017 est.)
12.47 births/1,000 population (2009 est.) (Rank 164)

Death rate

[edit]
7.3 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 118th
6.68 deaths/1,000 population (2009 est.) (Rank 146)

Total fertility rate

[edit]
1.77 children born/woman (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 155th

Net migration rate

[edit]
5.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 22nd
5.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.) (Rank 21)
6.23 migrant(s)/1,000 population. (2009 est.) (Rank 15)

Population growth rate

[edit]
1.6% (2023 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

[edit]
28.7 years (2014 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

[edit]
See also: List of Australian states by life expectancy
total population: 82.4 years (2018 estimate)
male: 79.9 years (2018 estimate)
female: 85 years (2018 estimate)

At the time of Australian Federation in 1901, the rate of natural increase was 14.9 persons per 1,000 population. The rate increased to a peak of 17.4 per thousand population in the years 1912, 1913 and 1914. During the Great Depression, the rate declined to a low of 7.1 per thousand population in 1934 and 1935. Immediately after World War II, the rate increased sharply as a result of the start of the post–World War II baby boom and the immigration of many young people who then had children in Australia. A rate plateau of over 13.0 persons per 1,000 population occurred for every year from 1946 to 1962.

There has been a fall in the rate of natural increase since 1962 due to falling fertility. In 1971, the rate of natural increase was 12.7 persons per 1,000 population; a decade later it had fallen to 8.5. In 1996 the rate of natural increase fell below seven for the first time, with the downward trend continuing in the late 1990s. Population projections by the Australian Bureau of Statistics indicate that continued low fertility, combined with the increase in deaths from an ageing population, will result in natural increase falling below zero sometime in the mid-2030s. However, in 2006 the fertility rate rose to 1.81, one of the highest rates in the OECD.

Since 1901, the crude death rate has fallen from about 12.2 deaths per 1,000 population, to 6.4 deaths per 1,000 population in 2006.[98]

Urbanisation

[edit]
urban population: 86% of total population (2018)
rate of urbanisation: 1.43% annual rate of change (2015–20 est.)
Urbanisation population: 89% of total population (2008)
Rate of urbanisation: 1.2% annual rate of change (2005–2010)

Sex ratio

[edit]
Birth: 1.06 males/female
Under 15 years: 1.05 males/female
15–64 years: 1.03 males/female
65 years and over: 0.84 male/female
Total population: 1 male/female (2009)

Dependency ratios

[edit]
total dependency ratio: 51.1
youth dependency ratio: 28.5
elderly dependency ratio: 22.6
potential support ratio: 4.4 (2015 est.)

HIV/AIDS

[edit]
Main article: HIV/AIDS in Australia
Adult prevalence rate: 0.1% (2017 est.)
People living with HIV/AIDS: 26,000 (2017 est.)
Deaths: fewer than 200 (2017 est.)[99]

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

[edit]
total: 23 years
male: 23 years
female: 23 years (2016)

Unemployment rate

[edit]
total: 4.1%.
male: 4.1%
female: 4.0%
youth unemployment: 9.4% (2024 est.)[100]

Incarceration and punishment

[edit]
Main article: Punishment in Australia

In March 2019, 43,320 adults were imprisoned in Australia – an incarceration rate of 221 prisoners per 100,000 adult population[101] or 169 per 100,000 total population.[102] Additionally, 75,544 people were in community corrections (various non-custodial punishments such as parole, bail, probation and community service).[103]

In June 2018, about 980 minors were imprisoned in Australia on an average night.[104]

Literacy

[edit]
Definition: aged 15 years and over can read and write
Total population: 99%
Male: 99%
Female: 99% (2003 est.)

Education expenditure

[edit]
4.9% of GDP (2013)
country comparison to the world: 55

Population density

[edit]

As of June 2022, the population density of Australia was reported as 3.4/km2 (8.8/sq mi).[105] This makes Australia the 3rd least densely populated country in the world, after Namibia and Mongolia.[106]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and has been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and the result is that the population decreases.
  1. ^ Lowest range value as it only represents the percentage of Australians who nominated at least one European Ancestry. This is likely an undercount and should incorporate the additional Australians who nominated only Australian as an ancestry.
  2. ^ Due to the option to nominate up to two ancestries, the total amount of those that nominated an Anglo-Celtic Ancestry is lower than the summation of each individual ancestry
  3. ^ Due to the option to nominate up to two ancestries, the total amount of those that nominated a Southern & Eastern European Ancestry is lower than the summation of each individual ancestry
  4. ^ The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry have at least partial Anglo-Celtic ancestry.[3]
  5. ^ Due to the option to nominate up to two ancestries, the total amount of those that nominated an Asian Ancestry is lower than the summation of each individual ancestry
  6. ^ Likely an overcount in terms of Australians of Sub-Saharan descent/ethnicity as this figure includes ancestries such as South African which is predominantly made up of South Africans of European descent
  7. ^ As described on the 2021 ABS Census
  8. ^ Those who nominated their ancestry as "Australian Aboriginal". Does not include Torres Strait Islanders. This relates to nomination of ancestry and is distinct from persons who identify as Indigenous (Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander) which is a separate question.
  9. ^ Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ "2021 Australia".
  2. ^ "2021 Australia".
  3. ^ "Feature Article – Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Australia (Feature Article)". 1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 1995. Commonwealth of Australia. Australian Bureau of Statistics.
  4. ^ "2021 Australia".
  5. ^ "2021 Australia".
  6. ^ "2021 Australia".
  7. ^ "2021 Australia".
  8. ^ "2021 Australia".
  9. ^ "2021 Australia".
  10. ^ a b c "Population clock and pyramid". Australian Bureau of Statistics website. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 5 March 2024. The population estimate shown is automatically calculated daily at 00:00 UTC and is based on data obtained from the population clock on the date shown in the citation.
  11. ^ "Population Figures for all Countries of the World (latest) - Nations Online Project".
  12. ^ "Australia's population forecast to hit 30 million by 2029". The Guardian. 22 November 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  13. ^ Phillips, Janet; Simon-Davies, Joanne. "Migration—Australian migration flows and population". Australian Parliamentary Library. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  14. ^ "Data – Australia". The World Bank. The World Bank Group. 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
  15. ^ "3302.0.55.001 – Life Tables, States, Territories and Australia, 2015–2017". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  16. ^ "The Beach". Australian Government: Culture Portal. Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Commonwealth of Australia. 17 March 2008. Archived from the original on 26 February 2010.
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  18. ^ Weule, Genelle; Felicity James (20 July 2017). "Indigenous rock shelter in Top End pushes Australia's human history back to 65,000 years". Nature. 547 (7663). Abc.net.au: 306–310. doi:10.1038/nature22968. hdl:2440/107043. PMID 28726833. S2CID 205257212. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
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  30. ^ "'If you're not counted, you don't know that you exist': Federal government to collect data on Australians' ethnicity". ABC News. 16 June 2022.
  31. ^ "The ABS has changed its mind about ethnicity in the next census. Here's what the experts say". ABC News. 24 April 2024.
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  34. ^ United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, (2015). 'International Migration' in International migrant stock 2015. Accessed from International migrant stock 2015: maps on 24 May 2017
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  39. ^ Pettersson, Thorleif; Esmer, Yilmaz R. (2008). Changing Values, Persisting Cultures: Case Studies in Value Change. Brill. p. 21. ISBN 978-9004162341.
  40. ^ Australian Political Facts. Longman Chesire. 1990. p. 122. ISBN 9780582712584.
  41. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics, "Special Feature: Trends in religious affiliation", 4102.0 - Australian Social Trends, 1994
  42. ^ "Religion in Australia, 2016". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 28 June 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
  43. ^ "Churches are increasingly empty as more Australians spurn religion". ABC News. 27 June 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
  44. ^ "NCLS releases latest estimates of church attendance" (Media release). NCLS Research. 28 February 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
  45. ^ "Schools, 2022 | Australian Bureau of Statistics". 15 February 2023.
  46. ^ "Pluralist Nations: Pluralist Language Policies?". 1995 Global Cultural Diversity Conference Proceedings, Sydney. Department of Immigration and Citizenship. Archived from the original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 11 January 2009. English has no de jure status, but is so entrenched as the common language that it is de facto the official language as well as the national language.
  47. ^ Moore, Bruce. "The Vocabulary Of Australian English" (PDF). National Museum of Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
  48. ^ "The Macquarie Dictionary", Fourth Edition. The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd, 2005.
  49. ^ "A mission to save indigenous languages". Australian Geographic. 19 August 2011. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  50. ^ a b "National Indigenous Languages Survey Report 2005". Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
  51. ^ "4713.0 – Population Characteristics, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 2006". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Canberra. 4 May 2010. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  52. ^ "Australia's 2021 Census is the most accessible yet for deaf and vision-impaired people". SBS News. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
  53. ^ a b "16,000 people use Auslan: Census 2021". Deafness Forum Australia. 29 June 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
  54. ^ Williams, Alan N. (22 June 2013). "A new population curve for prehistoric Australia". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 280 (1761): 1–9. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.0486. PMC 3652441. PMID 23615287.
  55. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (31 October 2012). "2011 Community Profiles: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples (Indigenous) Profile". 2011 Census of Population and Housing. Retrieved 9 October 2013. Edit this at Wikidata
  56. ^ "2021 Northern Territory, Census All persons QuickStats". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  57. ^ "National, state and territory population, June 2023". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 14 December 2023.
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Sources

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General references

Further reading

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  • Jupp, James. The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, its People and their Origins (2002)
  • O'Farrell, Patrick. The Irish in Australia: 1798 to the Present Day (3rd ed. Cork University Press, 2001)
  • Wells, Andrew, and Theresa Martinez, eds. Australia's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook (ABC-CLIO, 2004)
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